to each one separately

vĭrītim, adv. [vir], man by man, to each one separately, singly, individually (used only with distrib. numerals, never with card.; v. infra).

Lit.:

viritim dicitur dari, quod datur per singulos viros. Cato: praeda, quae capta est, viritim divisa,

Fest. p. 378 Müll.:

qui legem de agro Gallico viritim dividendo tulit,

Cic. Brut. 14, 57; cf. Suet. Tib. 76:

viritim dispertire aliquid populo,

Plaut. Ps. 1, 5, 26:

distribuere pecus,

Caes. B. G. 7, 71:

dare tricenos nummos cohortibus,

Tac. A. 1, 8:

populi viritim deleti,

one and all, all together, Plin. 6, 7, 7, § 22.—

Transf., each by itself, singly, separately, individually (not in Cic.):

in universum de ventis diximus: nunc viritim incipiamus illos discutere,

Sen. Q. N. 5, 7, 1; cf. Col. 1, 9, 6:

possum donare sapienti, quod viritim meum est,

Sen. Ben. 7, 6, 2:

ex his, quae viritim ei serviunt,

id. ib. 7, 7, 4:

dimicare,

Curt. 7, 4, 33:

commonefacere beneficii sui,

Sall. J. 49, 4: prompta studia, separately (with nondum aperta consensione), Tac. A. 3, 43:

legere terereque,

Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 92.

* * *

sē-cerno, crēvi, crētum, 3 (old inf. secernier, Lucr. 3, 263), v. a.

Lit., to put apart, to sunder, sever, separate (freq. and class.; not in Cæs.; cf.: sepono, sejungo, secludo); constr. with simple acc., or with ab aliquā re; less freq. ex aliquā re; poet. with abl.

With simple acc.:

quae non animalia solum Corpora sejungunt, sed terras ac mare totum Secernunt,

Lucr. 2, 729:

seorsum partem utramque,

id. 3, 637:

arietes, quibus sis usurus ad feturam, bimestri tempore ante secernendum,

Varr. R. R. 2, 2, 13 (cf. infra, b):

stamen secernit harundo,

Ov. M. 6, 55:

sparsos sine ordine flores Secernunt calathis,

separate in baskets, id. ib. 14, 267:

nihil (praedae) in publicum secernendo augenti rem privatam militi favit,

setting apart for the public treasury, Liv. 7, 16; cf.:

Juppiter illa piae secrevit litora genti,

hath set apart for the pious race, Hor. Epod. 16, 63:

inde pares centum denos secrevit in orbes Romulus,

separated, divided, Ov. F. 3, 127.—

With ab or (less freq.) with ex, and poet. with abl.:

a terris altum secernere caelum,

Lucr. 5, 446:

ab aëre caelum,

Ov. M. 1, 23:

Europen ab Afro (medius liquor),

Hor. C. 3, 3, 47:

muro denique secernantur a nobis,

Cic. Cat. 1, 13, 32:

inermes ab armatis,

Liv. 41, 3:

militem a populo (in spectaculis),

Suet. Aug. 44:

se a bonis,

Cic. Cat. 1, 13, 32; cf.:

se ab Etruscis,

Liv. 6, 10.—In the part. perf.:

antequam incipiat admissura fieri, mares a feminis secretos habeant,

Varr. R. R. 2, 1, 18 (cf. supra, a); so,

saepta ab aliis,

id. ib. 2, 2, 8:

manus a nobis,

Lucr. 2, 912; 3, 552:

sphaera ab aethereā conjunctione,

Cic. N. D. 2, 21, 55:

sucus a reliquo cibo,

id. ib. 2, 55, 137:

bilis ab eo cibo,

id. ib. al.:

secreti ab aliis ad tribunos adducuntur,

Liv. 6, 25; 25, 30:

secretis alterius ab altero criminibus,

id. 40, 8 fin.; 39, 10:

se e grege imperatorum,

id. 35, 14 fin.:

unum e praetextatis compluribus,

Suet. Aug. 94 med.:

monile ex omni gazā,

id. Galb. 18:

me gelidum nemus Nympharumque leves chori Secernunt populo,

separate, distinguish, Hor. C. 1, 1, 32.—

Trop., to separate, disjoin, part, dissociate (syn.: internosco, distinguo).

With simple acc.:

hosce ego homines excipio et secerno libenter,

set apart, Cic. Cat. 4, 7, 15.—

With ab, or poet. with abl.: ut venustas et pulchritudo corporis secerni non potest a valetudine;

sic, etc.,

Cic. Off. 1, 27, 95:

animum a corpore,

id. Tusc. 1, 31, 75:

tertium genus (laudationum) a praeceptis nostris,

id. de Or. 2, 84, 341; cf.:

ipsam pronuntiationem ab oratore,

Quint. 1, 11, 17: dicendi facultatem a majore vitae laude, id. 2, 15, 2:

sua a publicis consiliis,

Liv. 4, 57:

haec a probris ac sceleribus ejus,

Suet. Ner. 19 et saep.:

cur me a ceteris clarissimis viris in hoc officio secernas,

Cic. Sull. 1, 3:

publica privatis, sacra profanis,

Hor. A. P. 397.—

To distinguish, discern:

blandum amicum a vero,

Cic. Lael. 25, 95:

non satis acute, quae sunt secernenda, distinguit,

id. Top. 7, 31:

nec natura potest justo secernere iniquum, Dividit ut bona diversis, fugienda petendis,

Hor. S. 1, 3, 113:

turpi honestum,

id. ib. 1, 6, 63.—

To set aside, reject:

cum reus frugalissimum quemque secerneret,

Cic. Att. 1, 16, 3:

minus idoneos senatores,

Suet. Vit. 2.—Hence, sēcrē-tus, a, um, P. a., severed, separated; hence, separate, apart (as an adj. not freq. till after the Aug. period; not in Cic.; syn.: sejunctus, seclusus).

In gen.:

ne ducem suum, neve secretum imperium propriave signa haberent, miscuit manipulos, etc.,

Liv. 1, 52:

electa (uva defertur) in secretam corbulam,

Varr. R. R. 1, 54, 2:

arva,

Verg. A. 6, 478; Varr. L. L. 9, § 57 Müll.—

In partic.

Of places or things pertaining to them, out of the way, retired, remote, lonely, solitary, secret (syn.:

solus, remotus, arcanus): secreta petit loca, balnea vitat,

Hor. A. P. 298:

locus (opp. celeber),

Quint. 11, 1, 47:

montes,

Ov. M. 11, 765:

silva,

id. ib. 7, 75:

litora,

id. ib. 12, 196:

pars domus (the gynaeceum),

id. ib. 2, 737; cf. in sup.:

secretissimus locus (navis),

Petr. 100, 6: vastum ubique silentium, secreti colles, solitary, i. e. abandoned, deserted by the enemy, = deserti, Tac. Agr. 38:

iter (with semita),

solitary, Hor. Ep. 1, 18, 103; cf.

quies,

Mart. 7, 32, 4.—Of persons and transactions, private, secret:

invadit secretissimos tumultus,

Sen. Ep. 91, 5:

vacuis porticibus secretus agitat,

Tac. A. 11, 21:

est aliquis ex secretis studiis fructus,

private studies, Quint. 2, 18, 4; so,

studia (opp. forum),

id. 12, 6, 4:

disputationes,

id. 12, 2, 7:

contentio,

Plin. Ep. 7, 9, 4 et saep. —Hence,

Subst.: sēcrētum, i, n., retirement, solitude, secrecy; a solitude, solitary place, retreat (syn.: solitudo, secessus); sing.:

cum stilus secreto gaudeat atque omnes arbitros reformidet,

Quint. 10, 7, 16:

secreti longi causā,

Ov. H. 21, 21:

altum abditumque secretum, Phn. Ep. 2, 17, 22: dulce,

id. ib. 3, 1, 6; Quint. 10, 3, 30; 12, 5, 2; Tac. A. 4, 57; 14, 53; id. Agr. 39 fin.; Phaedr. 3, 10, 11; 4, 23, 6; Luc. 3, 314.— Plur.:

se a vulgo et scaenā in secreta removere,

Hor. S. 2, 1, 71:

horrendaeque procul secreta Sibyllae,

Verg. A. 6, 10; Ov. M. 1, 594; Tac. H. 3, 63; Quint. 1, 2, 18:

dulcis secretorum comes (eloquentia),

id. 1, 4, 5:

cameli solitudines aut secreta certe petunt,

Plin. 10, 63, 83, § 173.— Comp.:

haec pars Suevorum in secretiora Germaniae porrigitur,

into the more remote parts, Tac. G. 41. —

Absol.: in secreto, in a secret place, secretly:

tempus in secreto lbi tereret,

Liv. 26, 19, 5:

reus in secreto agebatur,

Curt. 10, 4, 29.—

That is removed from acquaintance (cf. abditus), hidden, concealed, secret:

secreta ducis pectora,

Mart. 5, 5, 4:

secretas advocat artes,

Ov. M. 7, 138:

ars,

Petr. 3:

litterae (with familiares),

Quint. 1, 1, 29:

carmina (the Sibylline odes),

Luc. 1, 599:

libidines,

Tac. A. 1, 4 fin.:

quaedam imperii pignora,

Flor. 1, 2, 3.—With ab:

nec quicquam secretum alter ab altero haberent,

Liv. 39, 10, 1.— Comp.:

libertus ex secretioribus ministeriis,

Tac. Agr. 40:

praemia (opp. publica largitio),

id. H. 1, 24:

aliud (nomen),

Quint. 1, 4, 25:

vitium stomachi,

Mart. 3, 77, 9.— Poet. for the adv. secreto:

tu (Anna) secreta pyram tecto interiore Erige,

in secret, secretly, Verg. A. 4, 494; cf.:

stridere secreta divisos aure susurros,

secretly in each one's ear, Hor. S. 2, 8, 78.—Hence,

Subst.: sēcrētum, i, n., something secret, secret conversation; a mystery, secret:

secretum petenti non nisi adhibito filio dedit,

Suet. Tib. 25 fin.; id. Calig. 23:

illuc me persecutus secretum petit,

a secret interview, Plin. Ep. 1, 5, 11:

petito secreto futura aperit,

Tac. H. 2, 4.— Piur.:

crebra cum amicis secreta habere,

Tac. A. 13, 18:

animi secreta proferuntur,

Plin. 14, 22, 28, § 141:

nulla lex jubet amicorum secreta non eloqui,

Sen. Ben. 5, 21, 1:

omnium secreta rimari,

Tac. A. 6, 3:

horribile secretum,

Petr. 21, 3; Tac. H. 1, 17 fin.; id. Agr. 25; Suet. Aug. 66:

uxor omnis secreti capacissima,

Plin. Ep. 1, 12, 7; Quint. 12, 9, 5 al.—Concr.:

lucos ac nemora consecrant deorumque nominibus appellant secretum illud, quod solā reverentiā vident,

that mysterious being, Tac. G. 9 fin.—Plur.:

introitus, aperta, secreta velut in annales referebat,

Tac. A. 4, 67; cf.:

gens non astuta aperit adhuc secreta pectoris licentia joci,

id. G. 22:

oratio animi secreta detegit,

Quint. 11, 1, 30; Tac. A. 1, 6; 4, 7 fin.; 6, 3; id. G. 19; Plin. Pan. 68, 6; Suet. Tib. 52; id. Oth. 3 et saep.—Concr.:

(Minerva) hanc legem dederat, sua ne secreta viderent,

i. e. the mysteries, Ov. M. 2, 556; 2, 749; cf.:

secretiora quaedam,

magic arts, Amm. 14, 6, 14:

in secretis ejus reperti sunt duo libelli,

among his private papers, Suet. Calig. 49.—

Pregn., separate from what is common, i. e. uncommon, rare, recondite (perh. only in the two foll. passages of Quint.):

(figurae) secretae et extra vulgarem usum positae, etc.,

Quint. 9, 3, 5: interpretatio linguae secretioris, quas Graeci glôssas vocant, i. e. of the more uncommon words, id. 1, 1, 35 (for which:

glossemata id est voces minus usitatas,

id. 1, 8, 15).—

In Lucr., of any thing separated from what belongs to it, i. e. wanting, deprived of, without something; with abl. or gen.:

nec porro secreta cibo natura animantum Propagare genus possit (corresp. to sine imbribus),

Lucr. 1, 194:

(corpora) secreta teporis Sunt ac frigoris omnino calidique vaporis (corresp. to spoliata colore),

id. 2, 843. —Hence, adv., in three forms: secreto (class.), secrete (post-class.), and secretim (late Lat. and very rare).

(Acc. to A.) Apart, by itself, separately:

de quibus (hortis) suo loco dicam secretius,

Col. 11, 2, 25. —

(Acc. to B. 2.) In secret, secretly; without witnesses; in private.

sēcrē-tō:

mirum, quid solus secum secreto ille agat,

Plaut. Am. 3, 2, 73:

secreto illum adjutabo,

id. Truc. 2, 7, 7:

secreto hoc audi,

Cic. Fam. 7, 25, 2:

nescio quid secreto velle loqui te Aiebas mecum,

Hor. S. 1, 9, 67:

secreto te huc seduxi,

Plaut. Aul. 2, 1, 14:

facere,

id. Bacch. 5, 2, 30; 5, 2, 35; Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 45, § 100; id. Att. 7, 8, 4; Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 1, 4:

secreto ab aliis,

Liv. 3, 36:

secreto agere cum aliquo,

Caes. B. G. 1, 31, 1; Quint. 5, 13, 16; 9, 2, 79; Plin. Ep. 3, 20, 8; Curt. 7, 2, 13.—

sēcrētē, Tert. Or. 1 med.; id. Pall. 4 fin. —

Comp.:

secretius emittitur inflatio,

Sen. Q. N. 5, 4, 1. —

sēcrētim, Amm. 29, 1, 6.

sē-cerno, crēvi, crētum, 3 (old inf. secernier, Lucr. 3, 263), v. a.

Lit., to put apart, to sunder, sever, separate (freq. and class.; not in Cæs.; cf.: sepono, sejungo, secludo); constr. with simple acc., or with ab aliquā re; less freq. ex aliquā re; poet. with abl.

With simple acc.:

quae non animalia solum Corpora sejungunt, sed terras ac mare totum Secernunt,

Lucr. 2, 729:

seorsum partem utramque,

id. 3, 637:

arietes, quibus sis usurus ad feturam, bimestri tempore ante secernendum,

Varr. R. R. 2, 2, 13 (cf. infra, b):

stamen secernit harundo,

Ov. M. 6, 55:

sparsos sine ordine flores Secernunt calathis,

separate in baskets, id. ib. 14, 267:

nihil (praedae) in publicum secernendo augenti rem privatam militi favit,

setting apart for the public treasury, Liv. 7, 16; cf.:

Juppiter illa piae secrevit litora genti,

hath set apart for the pious race, Hor. Epod. 16, 63:

inde pares centum denos secrevit in orbes Romulus,

separated, divided, Ov. F. 3, 127.—

With ab or (less freq.) with ex, and poet. with abl.:

a terris altum secernere caelum,

Lucr. 5, 446:

ab aëre caelum,

Ov. M. 1, 23:

Europen ab Afro (medius liquor),

Hor. C. 3, 3, 47:

muro denique secernantur a nobis,

Cic. Cat. 1, 13, 32:

inermes ab armatis,

Liv. 41, 3:

militem a populo (in spectaculis),

Suet. Aug. 44:

se a bonis,

Cic. Cat. 1, 13, 32; cf.:

se ab Etruscis,

Liv. 6, 10.—In the part. perf.:

antequam incipiat admissura fieri, mares a feminis secretos habeant,

Varr. R. R. 2, 1, 18 (cf. supra, a); so,

saepta ab aliis,

id. ib. 2, 2, 8:

manus a nobis,

Lucr. 2, 912; 3, 552:

sphaera ab aethereā conjunctione,

Cic. N. D. 2, 21, 55:

sucus a reliquo cibo,

id. ib. 2, 55, 137:

bilis ab eo cibo,

id. ib. al.:

secreti ab aliis ad tribunos adducuntur,

Liv. 6, 25; 25, 30:

secretis alterius ab altero criminibus,

id. 40, 8 fin.; 39, 10:

se e grege imperatorum,

id. 35, 14 fin.:

unum e praetextatis compluribus,

Suet. Aug. 94 med.:

monile ex omni gazā,

id. Galb. 18:

me gelidum nemus Nympharumque leves chori Secernunt populo,

separate, distinguish, Hor. C. 1, 1, 32.—

Trop., to separate, disjoin, part, dissociate (syn.: internosco, distinguo).

With simple acc.:

hosce ego homines excipio et secerno libenter,

set apart, Cic. Cat. 4, 7, 15.—

With ab, or poet. with abl.: ut venustas et pulchritudo corporis secerni non potest a valetudine;

sic, etc.,

Cic. Off. 1, 27, 95:

animum a corpore,

id. Tusc. 1, 31, 75:

tertium genus (laudationum) a praeceptis nostris,

id. de Or. 2, 84, 341; cf.:

ipsam pronuntiationem ab oratore,

Quint. 1, 11, 17: dicendi facultatem a majore vitae laude, id. 2, 15, 2:

sua a publicis consiliis,

Liv. 4, 57:

haec a probris ac sceleribus ejus,

Suet. Ner. 19 et saep.:

cur me a ceteris clarissimis viris in hoc officio secernas,

Cic. Sull. 1, 3:

publica privatis, sacra profanis,

Hor. A. P. 397.—

To distinguish, discern:

blandum amicum a vero,

Cic. Lael. 25, 95:

non satis acute, quae sunt secernenda, distinguit,

id. Top. 7, 31:

nec natura potest justo secernere iniquum, Dividit ut bona diversis, fugienda petendis,

Hor. S. 1, 3, 113:

turpi honestum,

id. ib. 1, 6, 63.—

To set aside, reject:

cum reus frugalissimum quemque secerneret,

Cic. Att. 1, 16, 3:

minus idoneos senatores,

Suet. Vit. 2.—Hence, sēcrē-tus, a, um, P. a., severed, separated; hence, separate, apart (as an adj. not freq. till after the Aug. period; not in Cic.; syn.: sejunctus, seclusus).

In gen.:

ne ducem suum, neve secretum imperium propriave signa haberent, miscuit manipulos, etc.,

Liv. 1, 52:

electa (uva defertur) in secretam corbulam,

Varr. R. R. 1, 54, 2:

arva,

Verg. A. 6, 478; Varr. L. L. 9, § 57 Müll.—

In partic.

Of places or things pertaining to them, out of the way, retired, remote, lonely, solitary, secret (syn.:

solus, remotus, arcanus): secreta petit loca, balnea vitat,

Hor. A. P. 298:

locus (opp. celeber),

Quint. 11, 1, 47:

montes,

Ov. M. 11, 765:

silva,

id. ib. 7, 75:

litora,

id. ib. 12, 196:

pars domus (the gynaeceum),

id. ib. 2, 737; cf. in sup.:

secretissimus locus (navis),

Petr. 100, 6: vastum ubique silentium, secreti colles, solitary, i. e. abandoned, deserted by the enemy, = deserti, Tac. Agr. 38:

iter (with semita),

solitary, Hor. Ep. 1, 18, 103; cf.

quies,

Mart. 7, 32, 4.—Of persons and transactions, private, secret:

invadit secretissimos tumultus,

Sen. Ep. 91, 5:

vacuis porticibus secretus agitat,

Tac. A. 11, 21:

est aliquis ex secretis studiis fructus,

private studies, Quint. 2, 18, 4; so,

studia (opp. forum),

id. 12, 6, 4:

disputationes,

id. 12, 2, 7:

contentio,

Plin. Ep. 7, 9, 4 et saep. —Hence,

Subst.: sēcrētum, i, n., retirement, solitude, secrecy; a solitude, solitary place, retreat (syn.: solitudo, secessus); sing.:

cum stilus secreto gaudeat atque omnes arbitros reformidet,

Quint. 10, 7, 16:

secreti longi causā,

Ov. H. 21, 21:

altum abditumque secretum, Phn. Ep. 2, 17, 22: dulce,

id. ib. 3, 1, 6; Quint. 10, 3, 30; 12, 5, 2; Tac. A. 4, 57; 14, 53; id. Agr. 39 fin.; Phaedr. 3, 10, 11; 4, 23, 6; Luc. 3, 314.— Plur.:

se a vulgo et scaenā in secreta removere,

Hor. S. 2, 1, 71:

horrendaeque procul secreta Sibyllae,

Verg. A. 6, 10; Ov. M. 1, 594; Tac. H. 3, 63; Quint. 1, 2, 18:

dulcis secretorum comes (eloquentia),

id. 1, 4, 5:

cameli solitudines aut secreta certe petunt,

Plin. 10, 63, 83, § 173.— Comp.:

haec pars Suevorum in secretiora Germaniae porrigitur,

into the more remote parts, Tac. G. 41. —

Absol.: in secreto, in a secret place, secretly:

tempus in secreto lbi tereret,

Liv. 26, 19, 5:

reus in secreto agebatur,

Curt. 10, 4, 29.—

That is removed from acquaintance (cf. abditus), hidden, concealed, secret:

secreta ducis pectora,

Mart. 5, 5, 4:

secretas advocat artes,

Ov. M. 7, 138:

ars,

Petr. 3:

litterae (with familiares),

Quint. 1, 1, 29:

carmina (the Sibylline odes),

Luc. 1, 599:

libidines,

Tac. A. 1, 4 fin.:

quaedam imperii pignora,

Flor. 1, 2, 3.—With ab:

nec quicquam secretum alter ab altero haberent,

Liv. 39, 10, 1.— Comp.:

libertus ex secretioribus ministeriis,

Tac. Agr. 40:

praemia (opp. publica largitio),

id. H. 1, 24:

aliud (nomen),

Quint. 1, 4, 25:

vitium stomachi,

Mart. 3, 77, 9.— Poet. for the adv. secreto:

tu (Anna) secreta pyram tecto interiore Erige,

in secret, secretly, Verg. A. 4, 494; cf.:

stridere secreta divisos aure susurros,

secretly in each one's ear, Hor. S. 2, 8, 78.—Hence,

Subst.: sēcrētum, i, n., something secret, secret conversation; a mystery, secret:

secretum petenti non nisi adhibito filio dedit,

Suet. Tib. 25 fin.; id. Calig. 23:

illuc me persecutus secretum petit,

a secret interview, Plin. Ep. 1, 5, 11:

petito secreto futura aperit,

Tac. H. 2, 4.— Piur.:

crebra cum amicis secreta habere,

Tac. A. 13, 18:

animi secreta proferuntur,

Plin. 14, 22, 28, § 141:

nulla lex jubet amicorum secreta non eloqui,

Sen. Ben. 5, 21, 1:

omnium secreta rimari,

Tac. A. 6, 3:

horribile secretum,

Petr. 21, 3; Tac. H. 1, 17 fin.; id. Agr. 25; Suet. Aug. 66:

uxor omnis secreti capacissima,

Plin. Ep. 1, 12, 7; Quint. 12, 9, 5 al.—Concr.:

lucos ac nemora consecrant deorumque nominibus appellant secretum illud, quod solā reverentiā vident,

that mysterious being, Tac. G. 9 fin.—Plur.:

introitus, aperta, secreta velut in annales referebat,

Tac. A. 4, 67; cf.:

gens non astuta aperit adhuc secreta pectoris licentia joci,

id. G. 22:

oratio animi secreta detegit,

Quint. 11, 1, 30; Tac. A. 1, 6; 4, 7 fin.; 6, 3; id. G. 19; Plin. Pan. 68, 6; Suet. Tib. 52; id. Oth. 3 et saep.—Concr.:

(Minerva) hanc legem dederat, sua ne secreta viderent,

i. e. the mysteries, Ov. M. 2, 556; 2, 749; cf.:

secretiora quaedam,

magic arts, Amm. 14, 6, 14:

in secretis ejus reperti sunt duo libelli,

among his private papers, Suet. Calig. 49.—

Pregn., separate from what is common, i. e. uncommon, rare, recondite (perh. only in the two foll. passages of Quint.):

(figurae) secretae et extra vulgarem usum positae, etc.,

Quint. 9, 3, 5: interpretatio linguae secretioris, quas Graeci glôssas vocant, i. e. of the more uncommon words, id. 1, 1, 35 (for which:

glossemata id est voces minus usitatas,

id. 1, 8, 15).—

In Lucr., of any thing separated from what belongs to it, i. e. wanting, deprived of, without something; with abl. or gen.:

nec porro secreta cibo natura animantum Propagare genus possit (corresp. to sine imbribus),

Lucr. 1, 194:

(corpora) secreta teporis Sunt ac frigoris omnino calidique vaporis (corresp. to spoliata colore),

id. 2, 843. —Hence, adv., in three forms: secreto (class.), secrete (post-class.), and secretim (late Lat. and very rare).

(Acc. to A.) Apart, by itself, separately:

de quibus (hortis) suo loco dicam secretius,

Col. 11, 2, 25. —

(Acc. to B. 2.) In secret, secretly; without witnesses; in private.

sēcrē-tō:

mirum, quid solus secum secreto ille agat,

Plaut. Am. 3, 2, 73:

secreto illum adjutabo,

id. Truc. 2, 7, 7:

secreto hoc audi,

Cic. Fam. 7, 25, 2:

nescio quid secreto velle loqui te Aiebas mecum,

Hor. S. 1, 9, 67:

secreto te huc seduxi,

Plaut. Aul. 2, 1, 14:

facere,

id. Bacch. 5, 2, 30; 5, 2, 35; Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 45, § 100; id. Att. 7, 8, 4; Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 1, 4:

secreto ab aliis,

Liv. 3, 36:

secreto agere cum aliquo,

Caes. B. G. 1, 31, 1; Quint. 5, 13, 16; 9, 2, 79; Plin. Ep. 3, 20, 8; Curt. 7, 2, 13.—

sēcrētē, Tert. Or. 1 med.; id. Pall. 4 fin. —

Comp.:

secretius emittitur inflatio,

Sen. Q. N. 5, 4, 1. —

sēcrētim, Amm. 29, 1, 6.

* * *

* * *

ad, prep. with acc. (from the fourth century after Christ written also at; Etrusc. suf. -a; Osc. az; Umbr. and Old Lat. ar, as [p. 27] in Eug. Tab., in S. C. de Bacch., as arveho for adveho; arfuerunt, arfuisse, for adfuerunt, etc.; arbiter for adbiter; so, ar me advenias, Plant. Truc. 2, 2, 17; cf. Prisc. 559 P.; Vel. Long. 2232 P.; Fabretti, Glos. Ital. col. 5) [cf. Sanscr. adhi; Goth. and Eng. at; Celt. pref. ar, as armor, i.e. ad mare; Rom. a].

As antith. to ab (as in to ex), in a progressive order of relation, ad denotes, first, the direction toward an object; then the reaching of or attaining to it; and finally, the being at or near it.

In space.

Direction toward, to, toward, and first,

Horizontally:

fugere ad puppim colles campique videntur,

the hills and fields appear to fly toward the ship, Lucr. 4, 390: meridie umbrae cadunt ad septentrionem, ortu vero ad occasum, to or toward the north and west, Plin. 2, 13, and so often of the geog. position of a place in reference to the points of compass, with the verbs jacere, vergere, spectare, etc.:

Asia jacet ad meridiem et austrum, Europa ad septentriones et aquiionem,

Varr. L. L. 5, § 31 Mull.;

and in Plin. very freq.: Creta ad austrum... ad septentrionem versa, 4, 20: ad Atticam vergente, 4, 21 al.—Also trop.: animus alius ad alia vitia propensior,

Cic. Tusc. 4, 37, 81.—

In a direction upwards (esp. in the poets, very freq.): manusque sursum ad caelum sustulit, Naev. ap. Non. 116, 30 (B. Pun. p. 13, ed. Vahl.): manus ad caeli templa tendebam lacrimans, Enn. ap. Cic. Div. 1, 20, 40 (Ann. v. 50 ed. Vahl.); cf.:

duplices tendens ad sidera palmas,

Verg. A. 1, 93: molem ex profundo saxeam ad caelum vomit, Att. ap. Prisc. 1325 P.: clamor ad caelum volvendus, Enn. ap. Varr. L. L. 7, § 104 Mull. (Ann. v. 520 ed. Vahl.) (cf. with this: tollitur in caelum clamor, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 1, or Ann. v. 422):

ad caelumque ferat flammai fulgura rursum, of Aetna,

Lucr. 1, 725; cf. id. 2, 191; 2, 325: sidera sola micant;

ad quae sua bracchia tendens, etc.,

Ov. M. 7, 188:

altitudo pertingit ad caelum,

Vulg. Dan. 4, 17.—

Also in the direction downwards (for the usu. in):

tardiore semper ad terras omnium quae geruntur in caelo effectu cadente quam visu,

Plin. 2, 97, 99, § 216.

The point or goal at which any thing arrives.

Without reference to the space traversed in passing, to, toward (the most common use of this prep.): cum stupro redire ad suos popularis, Naev. ap. Fest. p. 317 Mull. (B. Pun. p. 14 ed. Vahl.):

ut ex tam alto dignitatis gradu ad superos videatur potius quam ad inferos pervenisse,

Cic. Lael. 3, 12: ad terras decidat aether, Lucan. 2, 58. —Hence,

With verbs which designate going, coming, moving, bearing, bringing near, adapting, taking, receiving, calling, exciting, admonishing, etc., when the verb is compounded with ad the prep. is not always repeated, but the constr. with the dat. or acc. employed; cf. Rudd. II. pp. 154, 175 n. (In the ante-class. per., and even in Cic., ad is generally repeated with most verbs, as, ad eos accedit, Cic. Sex. Rosc. 8:

ad Sullam adire,

id. ib. 25:

ad se adferre,

id. Verr. 4, 50:

reticulum ad naris sibi admovebat,

id. ib. 5, 27:

ad laborem adhortantur,

id. de Sen. 14:

T. Vectium ad se arcessit,

id. Verr. 5, 114; but the poets of the Aug. per., and the historians, esp. Tac., prefer the dative; also, when the compound verb contains merely the idea of approach, the constr. with ad and the acc. is employed; but when it designates increase, that with the dat. is more usual: accedit ad urbem, he approaches the city; but, accedit provinciae, it is added to the province.)—

Ad me, te, se, for domum meam, tuam, suam (in Plaut. and Ter. very freq.):

oratus sum venire ad te huc,

Plaut. Mil. 5, 1, 12: spectatores plaudite atque ite ad vos comissatum, id. Stich. fin.:

eamus ad me,

Ter. Eun. 3, 5, 64:

ancillas traduce huc ad vos,

id. Heaut. 4, 4, 22:

transeundumst tibi ad Menedemum,

id. 4, 4, 17: intro nos vocat ad sese, tenet intus apud se, Lucil. ap. Charis. p. 86 P.:

te oro, ut ad me Vibonem statim venias,

Cic. Att. 3, 3; 16, 10 al.—

Ad, with the name of a deity in the gen., is elliptical for ad templum or aedem (cf.:

Thespiadas, quae ad aedem Felicitatis sunt,

Cic. Verr. 4, 4; id. Phil. 2, 35:

in aedem Veneris,

Plaut. Poen. 1, 2, 120;

in aedem Concordiae,

Cic. Cat. 3, 9, 21;

2, 6, 12): ad Dianae,

to the temple of, Ter. Ad. 4, 2, 43:

ad Opis,

Cic. Att. 8, 1, 14:

ad Castoris,

id. Quint. 17:

ad Juturnae,

id. Clu. 101:

ad Vestae,

Hor. S. 1, 9, 35 al.: cf. Rudd. II. p. 41, n. 4, and p. 334.—

With verbs which denote a giving, sending, informing, submitting, etc., it is used for the simple dat. (Rudd. II. p. 175): litteras dare ad aliquem, to send or write one a letter; and: litteras dare alicui, to give a letter to one; hence Cic. never says, like Caesar and Sall., alicui scribere, which strictly means, to write for one (as a receipt, etc.), but always mittere, scribere, perscribere ad aliquem:

postea ad pistores dabo,

Plaut. As. 3, 3, 119:

praecipe quae ad patrem vis nuntiari,

id. Capt. 2, 2, 109:

in servitutem pauperem ad divitem dare,

Ter. Ph. 4, 3, 48:

nam ad me Publ. Valerius scripsit,

Cic. Fam. 14, 2 med.:

de meis rebus ad Lollium perscripsi,

id. ib. 5, 3:

velim domum ad te scribas, ut mihi tui libri pateant,

id. Att. 4, 14; cf. id. ib. 4, 16:

ad primam (sc. epistulam) tibi hoc scribo,

in answer to your first, id. ib. 3, 15, 2:

ad Q. Fulvium Cons. Hirpini et Lucani dediderunt sese,

Liv. 27, 15, 1; cf. id. 28, 22, 5.—Hence the phrase: mittere or scribere librum ad aliquem, to dedicate a book to one (Greek, prosphônein):

has res ad te scriptas, Luci, misimus, Aeli,

Lucil. Sat. 1, ap. Auct. Her. 4, 12:

quae institueram, ad te mittam,

Cic. Q. Fr. 3, 5: ego interea admonitu tuo perfeci sane argutulos libros ad Varronem;

and soon after: mihi explices velim, maneasne in sententia, ut mittam ad eum quae scripsi,

Cic. Att. 13, 18; cf. ib. 16; Plin. 1, 19.—So in titles of books: M. Tullii Ciceronis ad Marcum Brutum Orator; M. T. Cic. ad Q. Fratrem Dialogi tres de Oratore, etc.—In the titles of odes and epigrams ad aliquem signifies to, addressed to. —

With names of towns after verbs of motion, ad is used in answer to the question Whither? instead of the simple acc.; but commonly with this difference, that ad denotes to the vicinity of, the neighborhood of:

miles ad Capuam profectus sum, quintoque anno post ad Tarentum,

Cic. de Sen. 4, 10; id. Fam. 3, 81:

ad Veios,

Liv. 5, 19; 14, 18; cf. Caes. B. G. 1, 7; id. B. C. 3, 40 al.—Ad is regularly used when the proper name has an appellative in apposition to it:

ad Cirtam oppidum iter constituunt,

Sall. J. 81, 2; so Curt. 3, 1, 22; 4, 9, 9;

or when it is joined with usque,

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 34, § 87; id. Deiot, 7, 19.— (When an adjective is added, the simple acc. is used poet., as well as with ad:

magnum iter ad doctas proficisci cogor Athenas,

Prop. 3, 21, 1; the simple acc., Ov. H. 2, 83: doctas jam nunc eat, inquit, Athenas).—

With verbs which imply a hostile movement toward, or protection in respect to any thing, against = adversus:

nonne ad senem aliquam fabricam fingit?

Ter. Heaut. 3, 2, 34:

Lernaeas pugnet ad hydras,

Prop. 3, 19, 9: neque quo pacto fallam, nec quem dolum ad eum aut machinam commoliar, old poet in Cic. N. D. 3, 29, 73:

Belgarum copias ad se venire vidit,

Caes. B. G. 2, 5; 7, 70:

ipse ad hostem vehitur,

Nep. Dat. 4, 5; id. Dion. 5, 4: Romulus ad regem impetus facit (a phrase in which in is commonly found), Liv. 1, 5, 7, and 44, 3, 10:

aliquem ad hostem ducere,

Tac. A. 2, 52:

clipeos ad tela protecti obiciunt,

Verg. A. 2, 443:

munio me ad haec tempora,

Cic. Fam. 9, 18:

ad hos omnes casus provisa erant praesidia,

Caes. B. G. 7, 65; 7, 41;

so with nouns: medicamentum ad aquam intercutem,

Cic. Off. 3, 24:

remedium ad tertianam,

Petr. Sat. 18:

munimen ad imbris,

Verg. G. 2, 352:

farina cum melle ad tussim siccam efficasissima est,

Plin. 20, 22, 89, § 243:

ad muliebre ingenium efficaces preces,

Liv. 1, 9; 1, 19 (in these two passages ad may have the force of apud, Hand).—

The repetition of ad to denote the direction to a place and to a person present in it is rare:

nunc tu abi ad forum ad herum,

Plaut. As. 2, 2, 100; cf.:

vocatis classico ad concilium militibus ad tribunos,

Liv. 5 47.—(The distinction between ad and in is given by Diom. 409 P., thus: in forum ire est in ipsum forum intrare; ad forum autem ire, in locum foro proximum; ut in tribunal et ad tribunal venire non unum est; quia ad tribunal venit litigator, in tribunal vero praetor aut judex; cf. also Sen. Ep. 73, 14, deus ad homines venit, immo, quod propius est, in homines venit.)—

The terminus, with ref. to the space traversed, to, even to, with or without usque, Quint. 10, 7, 16: ingurgitavit usque ad imum gutturem, Naev. ap. Non. 207, 20 (Rib. Com. Rel. p. 30): dictator pervehitur usque ad oppidum, Naev. ap. Varr. L. L. 5, § 153 Mull. (B. Pun. p. 16 ed. Vahl.):

via pejor ad usque Baii moenia,

Hor. S. 1, 5, 96; 1, 1, 97:

rigidum permanat frigus ad ossa,

Lucr. 1, 355; 1, 969:

cum sudor ad imos Manaret talos,

Hor. S. 1, 9, 10:

ut quantum posset, agmen ad mare extenderet,

Curt. 3, 9, 10:

laeva pars ad pectus est nuda,

id. 6, 5, 27 al. —Hence the Plinian expression, petere aliquid (usque) ad aliquem, to seek something everywhere, even with one:

ut ad Aethiopas usque peteretur,

Plin. 36, 6, 9, § 51 (where Jan now reads ab Aethiopia); so,

vestis ad Seras peti,

id. 12, 1, 1.— Trop.:

si quid poscam, usque ad ravim poscam,

Plaut. Aul. 2, 5, 10:

deverberasse usque ad necem,

Ter. Phorm. 2, 2, 13;

without usque: hic ad incitas redactus,

Plaut. Trin. 2, 4, 136; 4, 2, 52; id. Poen. 4, 2, 85; illud ad incitas cum redit atque internecionem, Lucil. ap. Non. 123, 20:

virgis ad necem caedi,

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 29, § 70; so Hor. S. 1, 2, 42; Liv. 24, 38, 9; Tac. A. 11, 37; Suet. Ner. 26; id. Dom. 8 al.

Nearness or proximity in gen. = apud, near to, by, at, close by (in anteclass. per. very freq.; not rare later, esp. in the historians): pendent peniculamenta unum ad quemque pedum, trains are suspended at each foot, Enn. ap. Non. 149, 33 (Ann. v. 363 ed. Vahl.):

ut in servitute hic ad suum maneat patrem,

Plaut. Capt. prol. 49; cf. id. ib. 2, 3, 98;

3, 5, 41: sol quasi flagitator astat usque ad ostium,

stands like a creditor continually at the door, id. Most. 3, 2, 81 (cf. with same force, Att. ap. Non. 522, 25;

apud ipsum astas): ad foris adsistere,

Cic. Verr. 1, 66; id. Arch. 24:

astiterunt ad januam,

Vulg. Act. 10, 17:

non adest ad exercitum,

Plaut. Am. 1, 3, 6; cf. ib. prol. 133:

aderant ad spectaculum istud,

Vulg. Luc. 23, 48: has (testas) e fenestris in caput Deiciunt, qui prope ad ostium adspiraverunt, Lucil. ap. Non. 288, 31:

et nec opinanti Mors ad caput adstitit,

Lucr. 3, 959:

quod Romanis ad manum domi supplementum esset,

at hand, Liv. 9, 19, 6:

haec arma habere ad manum,

Quint. 12, 5, 1:

dominum esse ad villam,

Cic. Sull. 20; so id. Verr. 2, 21:

errantem ad flumina,

Verg. E. 6, 64; Tib. 1, 10, 38; Plin. 7, 2, § 12; Vitr. 7, 14; 7, 12; and ellipt. (cf. supra, 2. g):

pecunia utinam ad Opis maneret!

Cic. Phil. 1, 17.—Even of persons:

qui primum pilum ad Caesarem duxerat (for apud),

Caes. B. G. 6, 38; so id. ib. 1, 31; 3, 9; 5, 53; 7, 5; id. B. C. 3, 60:

ad inferos poenas parricidii luent,

among, Cic. Phil. 14, 13:

neque segnius ad hostes bellum apparatur,

Liv. 7, 7, 4: pugna ad Trebiam, ad Trasimenum, ad Cannas, etc., for which Liv. also uses the gen.:

si Trasimeni quam Trebiae, si Cannarum quam Trasimeni pugna nobilior esset, 23, 43, 4.—Sometimes used to form the name of a place, although written separately, e. g. ad Murcim,

Varr. L. L. 5, § 154:

villa ad Gallinas, a villa on the Flaminian Way,

Plin. 15, 30, 40, § 37: ad urbem esse (of generals), to remain outside the city (Rome) until permission was given for a triumph:

“Esse ad urbem dicebantur, qui cum potestate provinciali aut nuper e provincia revertissent, aut nondum in provinciam profecti essent... solebant autem, qui ob res in provincia gestas triumphum peterent, extra urbem exspectare, donec, lege lata, triumphantes urbem introire possent,”

Manut. ad Cic. Fam. 3, 8.—So sometimes with names of towns and verbs of rest:

pons, qui erat ad Genavam,

Caes. B. G. 1, 7:

ad Tibur mortem patri minatus est,

Cic. Phil. 6, 4, 10:

conchas ad Caietam legunt,

id. Or. 2, 6:

ad forum esse,

to be at the market, Plaut. Ps. 4, 7, 136; id. Most. 3, 2, 158; cf. Ter. Ph. 4, 2, 8; id. And. 1, 5, 19.—Hence, adverb., ad dextram (sc. manum, partem), ad laevam, ad sinistram, to the right, to the left, or on the right, on the left:

ad dextram,

Att. Rib. Trag. Rel. p. 225; Plaut. Poen. 3, 4, 1; Ter. Ad. 4, 2, 44; Cic. Univ. 13; Caes. B. C. 1, 69:

ad laevam,

Enn. Rib. Trag. Rel. p. 51; Att. ib. p. 217: ad sinistram, Ter. [p. 28] Ad. 4, 2, 43 al.:

ad dextram... ad laevam,

Liv. 40, 6;

and with an ordinal number: cum plebes ad tertium milliarium consedisset,

at the third milestone, Cic. Brut. 14, 54, esp. freq. with lapis:

sepultus ad quintum lapidem,

Nep. Att. 22, 4; so Liv. 3, 69 al.; Tac. H. 3, 18; 4, 60 (with apud, Ann. 1, 45; 3, 45; 15, 60) al.; cf. Rudd. II. p. 287.

In time, analogous to the relations given in A.

Direction toward, i. e. approach to a definite point of time, about, toward:

domum reductus ad vesperum,

toward evening, Cic. Lael. 3, 12:

cum ad hiemem me ex Cilicia recepissem,

toward winter, id. Fam. 3, 7.—

The limit or boundary to which a space of time extends, with and without usque, till, until, to, even to, up to:

ego ad illud frugi usque et probus fui,

Plaut. Most. 1, 2, 53:

philosophia jacuit usque ad hanc aetatem,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 3, 5; id. de Sen. 14:

quid si hic manebo potius ad meridiem,

Plaut. Most. 3, 1, 55; so id. Men. 5, 7, 33; id. Ps. 1, 5, 116; id. As. 2, 1, 5:

ad multam noctem,

Cic. de Sen. 14:

Sophocles ad summam senectutem tragoedias fecit,

id. ib. 2; cf. id. Rep. 1, 1:

Alexandream se proficisci velle dixit (Aratus) remque integram ad reditum suum jussit esse,

id. Off. 2, 23, 82:

bestiae ex se natos amant ad quoddam tempus,

id. Lael. 8; so id. de Sen. 6; id. Somn. Sc. 1 al. —And with ab or ab-usque, to desig. the whole period of time passed away:

ab hora octava ad vesperum secreto collocuti sumus,

Cic. Att. 7, 8:

usque ab aurora ad hoc diei,

Plaut. Poen. 1, 2, 8.—

Coincidence with a point of time, at, on, in, by:

praesto fuit ad horam destinatam,

at the appointed hour, Cic. Tusc. 5, 22:

admonuit ut pecuniam ad diem solverent,

on the day of payment, id. Att. 16, 16 A:

nostra ad diem dictam fient,

id. Fam. 16, 10, 4; cf. id. Verr. 2, 2, 5: ad lucem denique arte et graviter dormitare coepisse, at (not toward) daybreak, id. Div. 1, 28, 59; so id. Att. 1, 3, 2; 1, 4, 3; id. Fin. 2, 31, 103; id. Brut. 97, 313:

ad id tempus,

Caes. B. C. 1, 24; Sall. J. 70, 5; Tac. A. 15, 60; Suet. Aug. 87; Domit. 17, 21 al.

The relations of number.

An approximation to a sum designated, near, near to, almost, about, toward (cf. Gr. epi, pros with acc. and the Fr. pres de, a peu pres, presque) = circiter (Hand, Turs. I. p. 102):

ad quadraginta eam posse emi minas,

Plaut. Ep. 2, 2, 111:

nummorum Philippum ad tria milia,

id. Trin. 1, 2, 115; sometimes with quasi added:

quasi ad quadraginta minas,

as it were about, id. Most. 3, 1, 95; so Ter. Heaut. 1, 1, 93:

sane frequentes fuimus omnino ad ducentos,

Cic. Q. Fr. 2, 1:

cum annos ad quadraginta natus esset,

id. Clu. 40, 110:

ad hominum milia decem,

Caes. B. G. 1, 4:

oppida numero ad duodecim, vicos ad quadringentos,

id. ib. 1, 5.—In the histt. and post-Aug. authors ad is added adverbially in this sense (contrary to Gr. usage, by which amphi, peri, and eis with numerals retain their power as prepositions): ad binum milium numero utrinque sauciis factis, Sisenn. ap. Non. 80, 4:

occisis ad hominum milibus quattuor,

Caes. B. G. 2, 33:

ad duorum milium numero ceciderunt,

id. B. C. 3, 53:

ad duo milia et trecenti occisi,

Liv. 10, 17, 8; so id. 27, 12, 16; Suet. Caes. 20; cf. Rudd. II. p. 334.—

The terminus, the limit, to, unto, even to, a designated number (rare):

ranam luridam conicere in aquam usque quo ad tertiam partem decoxeris,

Varr. R. R. 1, 2, 26; cf. App. Herb. 41:

aedem Junonis ad partem dimidiam detegit,

even to the half, Liv. 42, 3, 2:

miles (viaticum) ad assem perdiderat,

to a farthing, to the last farthing, Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 27; Plin. Ep. 1, 15:

quid ad denarium solveretur,

Cic. Quint. 4.—The phrase omnes ad unum or ad unum omnes, or simply ad unum, means lit. all to one, i. e. all together, all without exception; Gr. hoi kath hena pantes (therefore the gender of unum is changed according to that of omnes): praetor omnes extra castra, ut stercus, foras ejecit ad unum, Lucil. ap. Non. 394, 22:

de amicitia omnes ad unum idem sentiunt,

Cic. Lael. 23:

ad unum omnes cum ipso duce occisi sunt,

Curt. 4, 1, 22 al.:

naves Rhodias afflixit ita, ut ad unam omnes constratae eliderentur,

Caes. B. C. 3, 27; onerariae omnes ad unam a nobis sunt exceptae, Cic. Fam. 12, 14 (cf. in Gr. hoi kath hena; in Hebr., Exod. 14, 28).— Ad unum without omnes:

ego eam sententiam dixi, cui sunt assensi ad unum,

Cic. Fam. 10, 16:

Juppiter omnipotens si nondum exosus ad unum Trojanos,

Verg. A. 5, 687.

In the manifold relations of one object to another.

That in respect of or in regard to which a thing avails, happens, or is true or important, with regard to, in respect of, in relation to, as to, to, in.

With verbs:

ad omnia alia aetate sapimus rectius,

in respect to all other things we grow wiser by age, Ter. Ad. 5, 3, 45:

numquam ita quisquam bene ad vitam fuat,

id. ib. 5, 4, 1:

nil ibi libatum de toto corpore (mortui) cernas ad speciem, nil ad pondus,

that nothing is lost in form or weight, Lucr. 3, 214; cf. id. 5, 570; Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 21, § 58; id. Mur. 13, 29: illi regi Cyro subest, ad immutandi animi licentiam, crudelissimus ille Phalaris, in that Cyrus, in regard to the liberty of changing his disposition (i. e. not in reality, but inasmuch as he is at liberty to lay aside his good character, and assume that of a tyrant), there is concealed another cruel Phalaris, Cic. Rep. 1, 28:

nil est ad nos,

is nothing to us, concerns us not, Lucr. 3, 830; 3, 845:

nil ad me attinet,

Ter. Ad. 1, 2, 54:

nihil ad rem pertinet,

Cic. Caecin. 58;

and in the same sense elliptically: nihil ad Epicurum,

id. Fin. 1, 2, 5; id. Pis. 68:

Quid ad praetorem?

id. Verr. 1, 116 (this usage is not to be confounded with that under 4.).—

With adjectives:

ad has res perspicax,

Ter. Heaut. 2, 3, 129:

virum ad cetera egregium,

Liv. 37, 7, 15:

auxiliaribus ad pugnam non multum Crassus confidebat,

Caes. B. G. 3, 25:

ejus frater aliquantum ad rem est avidior,

Ter. Eun. 1, 2, 51; cf. id. And. 1, 2, 21; id. Heaut. 2, 3, 129:

ut sit potior, qui prior ad dandum est,

id. Phorm. 3, 2, 48:

difficilis (res) ad credendum,

Lucr. 2, 1027:

ad rationem sollertiamque praestantior,

Cic. N. D. 2, 62; so id. Leg. 2, 13, 33; id. Fin. 2, 20, 63; id. Rosc. Am. 30, 85; id. Font. 15; id. Cat. 1, 5, 12; id. de Or. 1, 25, 113; 1, 32, 146; 2, 49, 200; id. Fam. 3, 1, 1; Liv. 9, 16, 13; Tac. A. 12, 54 al.—

With nouns:

prius quam tuum, ut sese habeat, animum ad nuptias perspexerit,

before he knew your feeling in regard to the marriage, Ter. And. 2, 3, 4 (cf. Gr. hopôs echei tis pros ti):

mentis ad omnia caecitas,

Cic. Tusc. 3, 5, 11:

magna vis est fortunae in utramque partem vel ad secundas res vel ad adversas,

id. Off. 2, 6; so id. Par. 1:

ad cetera paene gemelli,

Hor. Ep. 1, 10, 3.—So with acc. of gerund instead of the gen. from the same vb.:

facultas ad scribendum, instead of scribendi,

Cic. Font. 6;

facultas ad agendum,

id. de Imp. Pomp. 1, 2: cf. Rudd. II. p. 245.—

In gramm.: nomina ad aliquid dicta, nouns used in relation to something, i. e. which derive their significance from their relation to another object: quae non possunt intellegi sola, ut pater, mater;

jungunt enim sibi et illa propter quae intelleguntur,

Charis. 129 P.; cf. Prisc. 580 ib.—

With words denoting measure, weight, manner, model, rule, etc., both prop. and fig., according to, agreeably to, after (Gr. kata, pros):

columnas ad perpendiculum exigere,

Cic. Mur. 77:

taleis ferreis ad certum pondus examinatis,

Caes. B. G. 5, 12: facta sunt ad certam formam. Lucr. 2, 379:

ad amussim non est numerus,

Varr. 2, 1, 26:

ad imaginem facere,

Vulg. Gen. 1, 26:

ad cursus lunae describit annum,

Liv. 1, 19:

omnia ad diem facta sunt,

Caes. B. G. 2, 5:

Id ad similitudinem panis efficiebant,

id. B. C. 3, 48; Vulg. Gen. 1, 26; id. Jac. 3, 9:

ad aequos flexus,

at equal angles, Lucr. 4, 323: quasi ad tornum levantur, to or by the lathe, id. 4, 361:

turres ad altitudiem valli,

Caes. B. G. 5, 42; Liv. 39, 6:

ad eandem crassitudinem structi,

id. 44, 11:

ad speciem cancellorum scenicorum,

with the appearance of, like, Varr. R. R. 3, 5, 8:

stagnum maris instar, circumseptum aedificiis ad urbium speciem,

Suet. Ner. 31:

lascivum pecus ludens ad cantum,

Liv. Andron. Rib. Trag. Rel. p. 1:

canere ad tibiam,

Cic. Tusc. 4, 2: canere ad tibicinem, id. ib. 1, 2 (cf.:

in numerum ludere,

Verg. E. 6, 28; id. G. 4, 175):

quod ad Aristophanis lucernam lucubravi,

Varr. L. L. 5, § 9 Mull.: carmen castigare ad unguem, to perfection (v. unguis), Hor. A. P. 294:

ad unguem factus homo,

a perfect gentleman, id. S. 1, 5, 32 (cf. id. ib. 2, 7, 86):

ad istorum normam sapientes,

Cic. Lael. 5, 18; id. Mur. 3:

Cyrus non ad historiae fidem scriptus, sed ad effigiem justi imperii,

id. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 8:

exercemur in venando ad similitudinem bellicae disciplinae,

id. N. D. 2, 64, 161: so,

ad simulacrum,

Liv. 40, 6:

ad Punica ingenia,

id. 21, 22:

ad L. Crassi eloquentiam,

Cic. Var. Fragm. 8:

omnia fient ad verum,

Juv. 6, 324:

quid aut ad naturam aut contra sit,

Cic. Fin. 1, 9, 30:

ad hunc modum institutus est,

id. Tusc. 2, 3; Caes. B. G. 2, 31; 3, 13:

ad eundem istunc modum,

Ter. Ad. 3, 3, 70:

quem ad modum, q. v.: ad istam faciem est morbus, qui me macerat,

of that kind, Plaut. Cist. 1, 1, 73; id. Merc. 2, 3, 90; cf.

91: cujus ad arbitrium copia materiai cogitur,

Lucr. 2, 281:

ad eorum arbitrium et nutum totos se fingunt,

to their will and pleasure, Cic. Or. 8, 24; id. Quint. 71:

ad P. Lentuli auctoritatem Roma contendit,

id. Rab. Post. 21:

aliae sunt legati partes, aliae imperatoris: alter omnia agere ad praescriptum, alter libere ad summam rerum consulere debet,

Caes. B. C. 3, 51:

rebus ad voluntatem nostram fluentibus,

Cic. Off. 1, 26:

rem ad illorum libidinem judicarunt,

id. Font. 36:

ad vulgi opinionem,

id. Off. 3, 21.—So in later Lat. with instar:

ad instar castrorum,

Just. 36, 3, 2:

scoparum,

App. M. 9, p. 232:

speculi,

id. ib. 2, p. 118: ad hoc instar mundi, id. de Mundo, p. 72.—Sometimes, but very rarely, ad is used absol. in this sense (so also very rarely kata with acc., Xen. Hell. 2, 3; Luc. Dial. Deor. 8): convertier ad nos, as we (are turned), Lucr. 4, 317:

ad navis feratur,

like ships, id. 4, 897 Munro. —With noun:

ad specus angustiac vallium,

like caves, Caes. B. C. 3, 49.—Hence,

With an object which is the cause or reason, in conformity to which, from which, or for which, any thing is or is done.

The moving cause, according to, at, on, in consequence of:

cetera pars animae paret et ad numen mentis momenque movetur,

Lucr. 3, 144:

ad horum preces in Boeotiam duxit,

on their entreaty, Liv. 42, 67, 12: ad ea Caesar veniam ipsique et conjugi et fratribus tribuit, in consequence of or upon this, he, etc., Tac. Ann. 12, 37.—

The final cause, or the object, end, or aim, for the attainment of which any thing,

is done,

is designed, or,

is fitted or adapted (very freq.), to, for, in order to.

Seque ad ludos jam inde abhinc exerceant, Pac. ap. Charis. p. 175 P. (Rib. Trag. Rel. p. 80):

venimus coctum ad nuptias,

in order to cook for the wedding, Plaut. Aul. 3, 2, 15:

omnis ad perniciem instructa domus,

id. Bacch. 3, 1, 6; cf. Ter. Heaut. 3, 1, 41; Liv. 1, 54:

cum fingis falsas causas ad discordiam,

in order to produce dissension, Ter. Hec. 4, 4, 71:

quantam fenestram ad nequitiam patefeceris,

id. Heaut. 3, 1, 72:

utrum ille, qui postulat legatum ad tantum bellum, quem velit, idoneus non est, qui impetret, cum ceteri ad expilandos socios diripiendasque provincias, quos voluerunt, legatos eduxerint,

Cic. de Imp. Pomp. 19, 57:

ego vitam quoad putabo tua interesse, aut ad spem servandam esse, retinebo,

for hope, id. Q. Fr. 1, 4; id. Fam. 5, 17:

haec juventutem, ubi familiares opes defecerant, ad facinora incendebant,

Sall. C. 13, 4:

ad speciem atque ad usurpationem vetustatis,

Cic. Agr. 2, 12, 31; Suet. Caes. 67:

paucis ad speciem tabernaculis relictis,

for appearance, Caes. B. C. 2, 35; so id. ib. 2, 41; id. B. G. 1, 51.—

Aut equos alere aut canes ad venandum. Ter. And. 1, 1, 30:

ingenio egregie ad miseriam natus sum,

id. Heaut. 3, 1, 11;

(in the same sense: in rem,

Hor. C. 1, 27, 1, and the dat., Ter. Ad. 4, 2, 6):

ad cursum equum, ad arandum bovem, ad indagandum canem,

Cic. Fin. 2, 13, 40:

ad frena leones,

Verg. A. 10, 253:

delecto ad naves milite,

marines, Liv. 22, 19 Weissenb.:

servos ad remum,

rowers, id. 34, 6; and:

servos ad militiam emendos,

id. 22, 61, 2:

comparasti ad lecticam homines,

Cat. 10, 16:

Lygdamus ad cyathos,

Prop. 4, 8, 37; cf.:

puer ad cyathum statuetur,

Hor. C. 1, 29, 8.—

Quae oportet Signa esse [p. 29] ad salutem, omnia huic osse video, everything indicative of prosperity I see in him, Ter. And. 3, 2, 2:

haec sunt ad virtutem omnia,

id. Heaut. 1, 2, 33:

causa ad objurgandum,

id. And. 1, 1, 123:

argumentum ad scribendum,

Cic. Att. 9, 7 (in both examples instead of the gen. of gerund., cf. Rudd. II. p. 245):

vinum murteum est ad alvum crudam,

Cato R. R. 125:

nulla res tantum ad dicendum proficit, quantum scriptio,

Cic. Brut. 24:

reliquis rebus, quae sunt ad incendia,

Caes. B. C. 3, 101 al. —So with the adjectives idoneus, utilis, aptus, instead of the dat.:

homines ad hanc rem idoneos,

Plaut. Poen. 3, 2, 6:

calcei habiles et apti ad pedem,

Cic. de Or. 1, 54, 231:

orator aptus tamen ad dicendum,

id. Tusc. 1, 3, 5:

sus est ad vescendum hominibus apta,

id. N. D. 2, 64, 160:

homo ad nullam rem utilis,

id. Off. 3, 6:

ad segetes ingeniosus ager,

Ov. F. 4, 684.—(Upon the connection of ad with the gerund. v. Zumpt, § 666; Rudd. II. p. 261.)—

Comparison (since that with which a thing is compared is considered as an object to which the thing compared is brought near for the sake of comparison), to, compared to or with, in comparison with:

ad sapientiam hujus ille (Thales) nimius nugator fuit,

Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 25; id. Trin. 3, 2, 100:

ne comparandus hic quidem ad illum'st,

Ter. Eun. 4, 4, 14; 2, 3, 69:

terra ad universi caeli complexum,

compared with the whole extent of the heavens, Cic. Tusc. 1, 17, 40:

homini non ad cetera Punica ingenia callido,

Liv. 22, 22, 15:

at nihil ad nostram hanc,

nothing in comparison with, Ter. Eun. 2, 3, 70; so Cic. Deiot. 8, 24; and id. de Or. 2, 6, 25.

Adverbial phrases with ad.

Ad omnia, withal, to crown all:

ingentem vim peditum equitumque venire: ex India elephantos: ad omnia tantum advehi auri, etc.,

Liv. 35, 32, 4.—

Ad hoc and ad haec (in the historians, esp. from the time of Livy, and in authors after the Aug. per.), = praeterea, insuper, moreover, besides, in addition, epi toutois:

nam quicumque impudicus, adulter, ganeo, etc.: praeterea omnes undique parricidae, etc.: ad hoc, quos manus atque lingua perjurio aut sanguine civili alebat: postremo omnes, quos, etc.,

Sall. C. 14, 2 and 3:

his opinionibus inflato animo, ad hoc vitio quoque ingenii vehemens,

Liv. 6, 11, 6; 42, 1, 1; Tac. H. 1, 6; Suet. Aug. 22 al.—

Ad id quod, beside that (very rare):

ad id quod sua sponte satis conlectum animorum erat, indignitate etiam Romani accendebantur,

Liv. 3, 62, 1; so 44, 37, 12.—

Ad tempus.

At a definite, fixed time, Cic. Att. 13, 45; Liv. 38, 25, 3.—

At a fit, appropriate time, Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 54, § 141; Liv. 1, 7, 13.—

For some time, for a short time, Cic. Off. 1, 8, 27; id. Lael. 15, 53; Liv. 21, 25, 14.—

According to circumstances, Cic. Planc. 30, 74; id. Cael. 6, 13; Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 9.—

Ad praesens (for the most part only in post-Aug. writers).

For the moment, for a short time, Cic. Fam. 12, 8; Plin. 8, 22, 34; Tac. A. 4, 21.—

At present, now, Tac. A. 16, 5; id. H. 1, 44.—So, ad praesentiam, Tac. A. 11, 8.—

Ad locum, on the spot:

ut ad locum miles esset paratus,

Liv. 27, 27, 2.—

Ad verbum, word for word, literally, Cic. Fin. 1, 2, 4; id. de Or. 1, 34, 157; id. Ac. 2, 44, 135 al.—

Ad summam.

On the whole, generally, in general, Cic. Fam. 14, 14, 3; id. Att. 14, 1; Suet. Aug. 71.—

In a word, in short, Cic. Off. 1, 41, 149; Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 106. —

Ad extremum, ad ultimum, ad postremum.

At the end, finally, at last.

Of place, at the extremity, extreme point, top, etc.:

missile telum hastili abiegno et cetera tereti, praeterquam ad extremum, unde ferrum exstabat,

Liv. 21, 8, 10.—

Of time = telos de, at last, finally:

ibi ad postremum cedit miles,

Plaut. Aul. 3, 5, 52; so id. Poen. 4, 2, 22; Cic. Off. 3, 23, 89; id. Phil. 13, 20, 45; Caes. B. G. 7, 53; Liv. 30, 15, 4 al.— Hence,

of order, finally, lastly, = denique: inventa componere; tum ornare oratione; post memoria sepire;

ad extremum agere cum dignitate,

Cic. de Or. 1, 31, 142.—

In Liv., to the last degree, quite: improbus homo, sed non ad extremum perditus, 23, 2, 3; cf.:

consilii scelerati, sed non ad ultimum dementis,

id. 28, 28, 8.—

Quem ad finem? To what limit? How far? Cic. Cat. 1, 1; id. Verr. 5, 75.—

Quem ad modum, v. sub h. v.

Ad (v. ab, ex, in, etc.) is not repeated like some other prepositions with interrog. and relative pronouns, after nouns or demonstrative pronouns:

traducis cogitationes meas ad voluptates. Quas? corporis credo,

Cic. Tusc. 3, 17, 37 (ubi v. Kuhner).—

Ad is sometimes placed after its substantive:

quam ad,

Ter. Phorm. 3, 2, 39:

senatus, quos ad soleret, referendum censuit,

Cic. N. D. 2, 4:

ripam ad Araxis,

Tac. Ann. 12, 51;

or between subst. and adj.: augendam ad invidiam,

id. ib. 12, 8.—

The compound adque for et ad (like exque, eque, and, poet., aque) is denied by Moser, Cic. Rep. 2, 15, p. 248, and he reads instead of ad humanitatem adque mansuetudinem of the MSS., hum. atque mans. But adque, in acc. with later usage, is restored by Hand in App. M. 10, p. 247, adque haec omnia oboediebam for atque; and in Plaut. Capt. 2, 3, 9, utroque vorsum rectum'st ingenium meum, ad se adque illum, is now read, ad te atque ad illum (Fleck., Brix).

In composition.

Form. According to the usual orthography, the d of the ad remains unchanged before vowels, and before b, d, h, m, v: adbibo, adduco, adhibeo, admoveo, advenio; it is assimilated to c, f, g, l, n, p, r, s, t: accipio, affigo, aggero, allabor, annumero, appello, arripio, assumo, attineo; before g and s it sometimes disappears: agnosco, aspicio, asto: and before qu it passes into c: acquiro, acquiesco.—But later philologists, supported by old inscriptions and good MSS., have mostly adopted the following forms: ad before j, h, b, d, f, m, n, q, v; ac before c, sometimes, but less well, before q; ag and also ad before g; a before gn, sp, sc, st; ad and also al before l; ad rather than an before n; ap and sometimes ad before p; ad and also ar before r; ad and also as before s; at and sometimes ad before t. In this work the old orthography has commonly been retained for the sake of convenient reference, but the better form in any case is indicated.—

Signif. In English up often denotes approach, and in many instances will give the force of ad as a prefix both in its local and in its figurative sense.

Local.

To, toward: affero, accurro, accipio ( to one's self).—

At, by: astare, adesse.—

On, upon, against: accumbo, attero.—

Up (cf. de- = down, as in deicio, decido): attollo, ascendo, adsurgo.—

Fig.

To: adjudico, adsentior.—

At or on: admiror, adludo.—

Denoting conformity to, or comparison with: affiguro, adaequo.—

Denoting addition, increase (cf. ab, de, and ex as prefixes to denote privation): addoceo, adposco.—

Hence, denoting intensity: adamo, adimpleo, aduro, and perhaps agnosco.—

Denoting the coming to an act or state, and hence commencement: addubito, addormio, adquiesco, adlubesco, advesperascit. See more upon this word in Hand, Turs. I. pp. 74-134.

jūro, āvi, ātum, 1, v. n. and a., and jūror, ātus, 1, v. dep. [2. jus], to swear, to take an oath.

In gen., absol.:

cui si aram tenens juraret, crederet nemo,

Cic. Fl. 36, 90:

cum ille mihi nihil, nisi ut jurarem, permitteret,

id. Fam. 5, 2, 7:

cum enim faciles sint nonnulli hominum ad jurandum,

Dig. 28, 7, 8:

posteaquam juratum est, denegatur actio,

ib. 12, 2, 9:

ex animi tui sententia jurāris,

Cic. Off. 3, 29, 108.— With inf., Sil. 2, 3, 51; Claud. B. Get. 81; Dig. 12, 2, 13, § 5.—With nom. and inf., poet., Prop. 3, 4, 40.—With acc. and inf.:

jurat, se eum non deserturum,

Caes. B. C. 3, 13:

se non reversurum,

id. ib. 3, 87:

jurarem... me et ardere studio veri reperiendi,

Cic. Ac. 2, 20, 65:

nisi victores se redituros jurant,

Liv. 2, 45:

Boeotum in crasso jurares aëre natum,

Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 244:

falsum,

to swear falsely, Cic. Off. 3, 29, 108:

vere,

to swear truly, id. Fam. 5, 2, 7:

jurarem per Jovem,

by Jupiter, id. Ac. 2, 20, 65:

per supremi regis regnum,

Plaut. Am. 2, 2, 211; Verg. A. 9, 300:

per solis radios,

Juv. 13, 78; 6, 16.—Also with simple acc. of the being or object sworn by (mostly poet.):

Terram, Mare, Sidera,

Verg. A. 12, 197; 6, 324:

quomodo tibi placebit Jovem lapidem jurare, cum scias?

Cic. Fam. 7, 12, 2:

quaevis tibi numina,

Ov. H. 16, 319:

Samothracum aras,

Juv. 3, 144.—Hence also pass.:

dis juranda palus,

the Styx, by which the gods swear, Ov. M. 2, 46; cf.:

Stygias juravimus undas,

id. ib. 2, 101:

Junonis numina,

Tib. 4, 13, 15:

caput,

Sil. 8, 106.— Rarely with acc. of the fact sworn to:

morbum,

i. e. to swear to the fact of sickness, Cic. Att. 1, 1, 1; cf.:

jurata pacta,

Sil. 2, 274:

ex mei animi sententia,

with sincerity, without reservation, Liv. 22, 53, 10; so,

ex nostri animi sententia,

Quint. 8, 5, 1; cf. Liv. 43, 15, 8; Gell. 4, 20, 3: alicui aliquid, [p. 1019] to vow or promise to one, Stat. Th. 4, 396:

sacramenta deis,

Sil. 10, 448:

alicui jurare,

to swear allegiance to, Plin. Pan. 68, 4: in verba, to swear with certain words, i. e. to take a prescribed form of oath:

Petreius in haec verba jurat,

Caes. B. C. 1, 76:

cur in certa verba jurent,

Cic. Inv. 2, 45, 132:

milites in verba P. Scipionis jurarunt,

Liv. 28, 29; 7, 5; 6, 22:

in haec verba jures postulo,

in this form of words, id. 22, 53, 12:

in verba magistri,

to echo his sentiments, Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 14:

in verba ejus,

Suet. Galb. 16:

in verba Vitellii,

id. Oth. 8: idem deinceps omnis exercitus in se quisque jurat, i. e. each soldier took the oath separately;

whereas the usual practice was that one man uttered the entire oath, and the others only added, idem in me,

Liv. 2, 45, 14:

in litem,

to make oath respecting the matter in dispute, to appraise under oath, Cic. Rosc. Com. 1, 4; Dig. 4, 3, 18; 8, 5, 7 al.:

in nomen alicujus,

to swear allegiance to one, Suet. Claud. 10:

in legem,

to swear to observe a law, Cic. Sest. 16, 37:

verissimum pulcherrimumque jusjurandum,

to take an oath, id. Fam. 5, 2, 7:

sacramenta,

Sil. 10, 447; cf.:

sceleri jurato nefando sacramenta,

Luc. 4, 228.—With de and abl.:

de sua persona,

in one's own behalf, Dig. 44, 5, 1, § 3:

de calumnia,

to clear one's self of calumny under oath, ib. 12, 2, 16; 2, 8, 8, § 5.— Pass. impers.:

scis, tibi ubique jurari,

Plin. Pan. 68: ne in acta sua juraretur, Suet Tib. 26.—

Dep. form, Plaut. Pers. 3, 2, 2; cf. id. Rud. 5, 3, 16:

judici demonstrandum est, quid juratus sit, quid sequi debeat,

Cic. Inv. 2, 43, 126:

ex lege, in quam jurati sitis,

id. ib. 2, 45, 121:

juratus se eum sua manu interempturum,

Liv. 32, 22, 7.—

In partic., to conspire (cf. conjuro); with inf.: jurarunt inter se barbaros necare, Cato ap. Plin. 29, 1, 7, § 14:

in me jurarunt somnus, ventusque, fidesque,

Ov. H. 10, 117:

in facinus,

id. M. 1, 242.—Hence, jūrātus, a, um, P. a.

Called upon or taken to witness in an oath:

numina,

Ov. H. 2, 25.—

Under an oath, bound by an oath:

Regulus juratus missus est ad senatum, ut, etc.,

Cic. Off. 3, 26, 99:

quamvis jurato metuam tibi credere testi,

Juv. 5, 5.—

Act., having sworn, that has sworn:

nam injurato scio plus credet mihi quam jurato tibi,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 281; id. As. 1, 1, 8:

haec, quae juratus in maxima contione dixi,

Cic. Sull. 11:

in eadem arma,

Ov. M. 13, 50.— Sup.: juratissimi auctores, the most trustworthy, Plin. H. N. praef. § 22. — Adv.: jūrātō, with an oath, under oath (post-class.):

promittere,

Dig. 2, 8, 16.

quīcumque (or - cunque), quaecumque, quodcumque (also separately:

cum quibus erat cumque una,

Ter. And. 1, 1, 36;

quam se cumque in partem,

Cic. de Or. 3, 16, 59. — Old form of the plur. quescumque, Cato ap. Charis. p. 70 P., and ap. Prisc. p. 960 P.), pron. rel.

Whoever, whatever, whosoever, whatsoever, every one who, every thing that, all that (class.):

quicumque is est, ei me, etc.,

whosoever, Cic. Fam. 10, 31, 8:

quoscumque de te queri audivi, quācumque potui ratione placavi,

whomsoever I have heard complaining, them I have satisfied in every possible way, id. Q. Fr. 1, 2, 2, § 4:

petere fortunam, quaecumque accidat,

what fortune soever, Caes. B. G. 1, 31:

ut quodcumque vellet, liceret facere,

Nep. Dat. 10, 1.—Rarely with subj. in orat. rect.:

quocumque haec modo se habeant,

Plin. 27, 12, 91, § 114.—

Absol. (Cic., Cæs., and Sall. always construe quicumque as rel. with its own verb, except in abl. sing.; v. infra; as absol. for quivis or quilibet, freq. in Liv. and post-Aug. writers; cf. Zumpt, Gram. § 706), any whatever, etc.:

te audio (libenter) quācumque de re,

Cic. Q. Fr. 2, 8 (10), 1:

qui quācumque de causā ad eos venerunt,

Caes. B. C. 6, 23:

quocumque modo,

Sall. J. 103, 3:

laeti quamcunque condicionem paciscendi acceperunt,

Liv. 22, 58, 5:

ubicumque et quācumque matre genitus,

id. 1, 3, 3:

qui de quācumque causā tum aspernati nostra auxilia estis,

id. 45, 23, 6:

quācumque condicione arma viris auferre,

id. 9, 9, 11: quocumque gladiatorio munere prolapsi, Suet. Claud. 34:

Ciceronem cuicunque eorum opponere,

Quint. 10, 1, 105. —In neutr. subst., with gen., whatever, however much:

quodcumque est lucri,

i. e. all the profit, Phaedr. 5, 6, 3: quodcumque militum contrahere poteritis, as many troops as ever you can bring together, Pompon. ap. Cic. Att. 8, 12, A, 4:

quodcunque hoc regni,

all this authority, Verg. A. 1, 78.—When the rel. occurs twice or oftener in the same connection, only qui is repeated:

quaecunque navis ex Asiā, quae ex Syriā, quae, etc.,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 56, § 145:

hoc quodcumque vides,

Prop. 4, 1, 1.—

In partic., for qualiscumque, howsoever constituted, of whatever kind:

quaecumque mens illa fuit, Gabinii fuit,

Cic. Rab. Post. 8, 21. —

Transf., each or every possible, each, every, all:

quae sanari poterunt, quācumque ratione sanabo,

in every possible way, Cic. Cat. 2, 5, 11:

et quocumque modo maluit esse mea,

under all circumstances, Prop. 1, 8, 34 (1, 8, b, 8):

de quācumque causā,

Liv. 45, 23.

quīcumque (or - cunque), quaecumque, quodcumque (also separately:

cum quibus erat cumque una,

Ter. And. 1, 1, 36;

quam se cumque in partem,

Cic. de Or. 3, 16, 59. — Old form of the plur. quescumque, Cato ap. Charis. p. 70 P., and ap. Prisc. p. 960 P.), pron. rel.

Whoever, whatever, whosoever, whatsoever, every one who, every thing that, all that (class.):

quicumque is est, ei me, etc.,

whosoever, Cic. Fam. 10, 31, 8:

quoscumque de te queri audivi, quācumque potui ratione placavi,

whomsoever I have heard complaining, them I have satisfied in every possible way, id. Q. Fr. 1, 2, 2, § 4:

petere fortunam, quaecumque accidat,

what fortune soever, Caes. B. G. 1, 31:

ut quodcumque vellet, liceret facere,

Nep. Dat. 10, 1.—Rarely with subj. in orat. rect.:

quocumque haec modo se habeant,

Plin. 27, 12, 91, § 114.—

Absol. (Cic., Cæs., and Sall. always construe quicumque as rel. with its own verb, except in abl. sing.; v. infra; as absol. for quivis or quilibet, freq. in Liv. and post-Aug. writers; cf. Zumpt, Gram. § 706), any whatever, etc.:

te audio (libenter) quācumque de re,

Cic. Q. Fr. 2, 8 (10), 1:

qui quācumque de causā ad eos venerunt,

Caes. B. C. 6, 23:

quocumque modo,

Sall. J. 103, 3:

laeti quamcunque condicionem paciscendi acceperunt,

Liv. 22, 58, 5:

ubicumque et quācumque matre genitus,

id. 1, 3, 3:

qui de quācumque causā tum aspernati nostra auxilia estis,

id. 45, 23, 6:

quācumque condicione arma viris auferre,

id. 9, 9, 11: quocumque gladiatorio munere prolapsi, Suet. Claud. 34:

Ciceronem cuicunque eorum opponere,

Quint. 10, 1, 105. —In neutr. subst., with gen., whatever, however much:

quodcumque est lucri,

i. e. all the profit, Phaedr. 5, 6, 3: quodcumque militum contrahere poteritis, as many troops as ever you can bring together, Pompon. ap. Cic. Att. 8, 12, A, 4:

quodcunque hoc regni,

all this authority, Verg. A. 1, 78.—When the rel. occurs twice or oftener in the same connection, only qui is repeated:

quaecunque navis ex Asiā, quae ex Syriā, quae, etc.,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 56, § 145:

hoc quodcumque vides,

Prop. 4, 1, 1.—

In partic., for qualiscumque, howsoever constituted, of whatever kind:

quaecumque mens illa fuit, Gabinii fuit,

Cic. Rab. Post. 8, 21. —

Transf., each or every possible, each, every, all:

quae sanari poterunt, quācumque ratione sanabo,

in every possible way, Cic. Cat. 2, 5, 11:

et quocumque modo maluit esse mea,

under all circumstances, Prop. 1, 8, 34 (1, 8, b, 8):

de quācumque causā,

Liv. 45, 23.

invĭcem, in MSS. and edd. often separately, in vĭcem ( poet. in tmesi:

inque vicem,

Verg. G. 4, 166; id. A. 12, 502; Ov. M: 6, 631; 9, 525; id. Her. 17, 180; Stat. Th. 2, 149; 7, 817 al.), adv. [in-vicis].

Prop., by turns, in turn, one after another, alternately (class., but not in Cic.;

syn. vicissim): hi rursus in vicem anno post in armis sunt: illi domi remanent,

Caes. B. G. 4, 1, 5; 7, 85, 5; Hirt. B. G. 8, 6, 4:

defatigatis invicem integri succedunt,

Caes. B. G. 7, 85:

cum timor atque ira invicem sententias variassent,

Liv. 2, 57:

Etruscos, multis invicem casibus victos victoresque,

id. 2, 44:

regio invicem a suis atque hoste vexata,

Curt. 3, 8, 8:

periculum invicem metuens,

Suet. Aug. 10:

invicem eum odero,

id. Tib. 28:

praebens invicem aurem,

id. Calig. 22:

invicem alternis diebus modo aqua, modo vinum,

Cels. 3, 2:

invicem modo sedere, modo ingredi,

id. 4, 24.—

Transf., one another, each other, mutually, reciprocally (mostly post-Aug.;

syn. inter se): ibi se cognoscunt fratres invicem,

Plaut. Men. Arg. 10:

Aricini atque Ardeates multis invicem cladibus fessi,

Liv. 3, 71, 2:

adhortatio invicem totam invasit aciem,

id. 6, 24, 7; 9, 3, 4; 41, 3, 3:

multum sanguinem invicem hausimus,

Curt. 4, 14, 17: invicem [p. 995] amare, Plin. Ep. 4, 1, 2; 7, 20, 7:

vixerunt mira concordia, per mutuam caritatem et invicem se anteponendo,

Tac. Agr. 6 init.:

invicem se occidere,

Eutr. 1, 10; Just. 11, 9, 13; cf.:

invicem inter se gratantes,

Liv. 9, 43, 17:

haec invicem obstant,

Quint. 4, 5, 13:

homines, manibus invicem apprehensis, gradum firmant,

id. 9, 4, 129:

invicem ardentius diligere,

Plin. Ep. 7, 20, 7:

invicem se ad amorem exacuere,

id. ib. 3, 7 fin.:

invicem permutatae O atque U,

Quint. 1, 4, 16:

cuncta invicem hostilia,

i. e. on both sides, Tac. H. 3, 46.—

Esp.

Ad invicem (post-class.), instead of, Veg. Vet. 2, 7 fin. —

Ad invicem, mutually:

caritatem illorum ad invicem,

Vulg. 2 Macc. 25, 32; ib. Luc. 2, 15; ib. Gen. 42, 21; so,

in invicem,

ib. Joan. 6, 43; ib. Rom. 1, 27:

ab invicem,

ib. Matt. 25, 32; ib. Dan. 13, 14:

pro invicem,

ib. 1 Cor. 12, 25.

invĭcem, in MSS. and edd. often separately, in vĭcem ( poet. in tmesi:

inque vicem,

Verg. G. 4, 166; id. A. 12, 502; Ov. M: 6, 631; 9, 525; id. Her. 17, 180; Stat. Th. 2, 149; 7, 817 al.), adv. [in-vicis].

Prop., by turns, in turn, one after another, alternately (class., but not in Cic.;

syn. vicissim): hi rursus in vicem anno post in armis sunt: illi domi remanent,

Caes. B. G. 4, 1, 5; 7, 85, 5; Hirt. B. G. 8, 6, 4:

defatigatis invicem integri succedunt,

Caes. B. G. 7, 85:

cum timor atque ira invicem sententias variassent,

Liv. 2, 57:

Etruscos, multis invicem casibus victos victoresque,

id. 2, 44:

regio invicem a suis atque hoste vexata,

Curt. 3, 8, 8:

periculum invicem metuens,

Suet. Aug. 10:

invicem eum odero,

id. Tib. 28:

praebens invicem aurem,

id. Calig. 22:

invicem alternis diebus modo aqua, modo vinum,

Cels. 3, 2:

invicem modo sedere, modo ingredi,

id. 4, 24.—

Transf., one another, each other, mutually, reciprocally (mostly post-Aug.;

syn. inter se): ibi se cognoscunt fratres invicem,

Plaut. Men. Arg. 10:

Aricini atque Ardeates multis invicem cladibus fessi,

Liv. 3, 71, 2:

adhortatio invicem totam invasit aciem,

id. 6, 24, 7; 9, 3, 4; 41, 3, 3:

multum sanguinem invicem hausimus,

Curt. 4, 14, 17: invicem [p. 995] amare, Plin. Ep. 4, 1, 2; 7, 20, 7:

vixerunt mira concordia, per mutuam caritatem et invicem se anteponendo,

Tac. Agr. 6 init.:

invicem se occidere,

Eutr. 1, 10; Just. 11, 9, 13; cf.:

invicem inter se gratantes,

Liv. 9, 43, 17:

haec invicem obstant,

Quint. 4, 5, 13:

homines, manibus invicem apprehensis, gradum firmant,

id. 9, 4, 129:

invicem ardentius diligere,

Plin. Ep. 7, 20, 7:

invicem se ad amorem exacuere,

id. ib. 3, 7 fin.:

invicem permutatae O atque U,

Quint. 1, 4, 16:

cuncta invicem hostilia,

i. e. on both sides, Tac. H. 3, 46.—

Esp.

Ad invicem (post-class.), instead of, Veg. Vet. 2, 7 fin. —

Ad invicem, mutually:

caritatem illorum ad invicem,

Vulg. 2 Macc. 25, 32; ib. Luc. 2, 15; ib. Gen. 42, 21; so,

in invicem,

ib. Joan. 6, 43; ib. Rom. 1, 27:

ab invicem,

ib. Matt. 25, 32; ib. Dan. 13, 14:

pro invicem,

ib. 1 Cor. 12, 25.